This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of quasi oppositional - based learning method utilization in output tracking control through a swarm-based multivariable Proportional-Integral-Derivative (SMPID) controller. which is tuned by a novel performance index based on the step response characteristics in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. The role of the propos... https://foldlyers.shop/product-category/4-speakers/